逍遥右脑 2013-01-14 15:14
命题特点
阅读理解题型的分值要占总分的40/150，是所有题型中占分比例最大的一道题。阅读理解能否得高分，是成绩好坏的关键。阅读理解题的考查主要是从两个方面测试考生的理解。
1. 客观理解：即对所给材料中具体事实和细节的理解。
2. 主观理解：即通过阅读短文，对文中主旨、主题、中心思想和作者意图、态度及语篇逻辑关系等深层意义上的理解，并据此进行推理和判断。
错题攻略
易错题型一 归纳概括主题
典例1 （2007年广东卷）Which of the following can be the best title of this passage?
A. How to Live Truthfully
B. Importance of Peacefulness
C. Ways of Gaining Self-respect
D. Happiness through Honorable Actions
【命题意图】 归纳概括中心主旨的题目是高考必考题目，考查考生通过理解、总结、归纳，找出文章中心意思的能力。
【解题思路】 正确答案为D。做这类要求考生不仅要区分主要信息和次要信息 高中地理，跳出一词一句，俯瞰全文，找出主题句（一般来说在文章的句首与句尾），而且要善于概括文章的中心思想（通常是一个完整的句子，能全面准确地概括文章的中心主旨）。通常最佳题目可以是一个短语词组，它不仅能概括文章的中心主旨，还有吸引读者、引发阅读的任务。
【失分警示】 解答此类阅读理解题时，考生一定要注意运用找主题句的阅读，留意文章句首和句尾的主题句。如文章中没有主题句，则要把所有的细节综合起来，进行逻辑推理，概括归纳出文章的中心大意。
易错题型二 逻辑推理判断
典例2 （2007年浙江卷）What do we learn from this text?
A. What ones says reflects how one feels.
B. Aphasics have richer feelings than others.
C. Normal people often tell lies in their speeches.
D. People poor at one thing can be good at another.
【命题意图】 说明中关于高考阅读理解能力测试的第四点要求是：“能理解某句某段的意义，并能把握全篇文脉，即句与句、段与段的关系，并能据此进行推理和判断。”
【解题思路】 正确答案为D。这类考题旨在测试考生在阅读基础上的逻辑推理能力，即根据文章所述事件的逻辑关系，对未说明的趋势或结局作出合理的推断；或根据作者所阐述的观点理论，对文章未涉及的现象、事例给以解释。考生要仔细阅读短文，了解完整的信息，才能准确把握作者观点。
在进行推理、判断时，考生一定要依据短文内容或作者观点，切忌主观臆断，切忌以自己的观点看法取代作者的原意。
【失分警示】 解答此类阅读理解题时，考生不仅要了解文章的大意，吃透文章的精神，摸清文中的细节，更要对文章进行必要的归纳，领会作者的意图，并进行合理的常识性推断及逻辑推理。
易错题型三 领悟文章的隐含意义
典例3 （2007年浙江卷）From the dialogue between the boy and his mother, we learn that the mother was _______.
A. excited B. interested
C. ashamed D. disappointed
【命题意图】 考试说明中关于高考阅读理解能力测试的第三点要求是：“既理解字面意思，也理解深层含义，包括作者的态度，意图等。” 即作者没有鲜明地表达自己的观点，而将其隐含在字里行间，流露于修辞手法之中。
【解题思路】 正确答案为D。这类考题要求考生对于作者没有明确说明的写作目的、立场态度、思想倾向等作出合理的推断。这种“言外之意，弦外之音”要求考生有“锣鼓听音”的敏锐感觉，合理推断的品质。
【失分警示】 解答此类阅读理解题时，考生要透过文章字面意思领悟其隐含意义和深层意义，这就需要仔细地阅读和认真地思考，在通篇理解文章的基础上领会作者的言外之意。
实战演习
（定时：30mins，每小题2分，共40分，得分：_____分）
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
A
Lifeguard, sportscaster, movie star, governor, president——there wasn’t much Ronald Reagan didn’t do in life.
“The world was a vast opportunity for him,” Lou Cannon wrote in his biography（传记） of the former US president, who died on June 5, aged 93.
Reagan’s final years saw him fight a losing battle against Alzheimer’s disease（老年痴呆症）. But his positive attitude toward life has given hope to many people.
Born in 1911 to a poor family in a small town in Illinois, his father was a failed salesman who drank too much. It was in these difficult times, though, that Reagan developed the powerful optimism（乐观） that would serve him so well. He always believed better times laying ahead, and this was reflected in his high school yearbook entry. “Life is one grand, sweet song, so start the music,” he wrote.
As a teenager, Reagan spent summers working as a lifeguard at a local beach, saving 77 lives in seven years. He graduated from college in 1932 with a degree in economics and sociology. But America was still in the middle of the Great Depression, and jobs were hard to find. Reagan finally found work as a radio sports announcer and this road led him to Hollywood in 1937.
During the 20 year film career, he never became a leading star. As in his lifeguard days, Reagan loved to play the hero and only took the role of a bad guy once in more than 50 films.
A talented speaker who was always able to connect with his audience, Reagan became involved in politics in the 1950s. This popular touch led to him being elected the governor of California in 1967.
All the while Reagan was in California, he had his eye on the White House. In 1980, aged 69, he became the oldest man ever elected president.
He held office from 1981 to 1989, the first president to serve two complete terms after World War Ⅱ. When he left, aged 77, he held the highest popularity rate of any retiring president in US history.
He remained positive even when he discovered he had an illness that would destroy him. “I will leave with the greatest love for this country of ours and eternal（永恒的） optimism for its future,” he wrote.
1. Reagan can be best described as a man with ______.
A. firmness B. humour C. optimism D. talent
2. What didn’t Reagan do in his life time?
A. Playing the role of a bad guy.
B. Being a leading star of the film.
C. Saving people’s lives.
D. Working as a radio sports announcer.
3. Which is the correct order of events described in the passage?
a. Reagan fought a losing battle against Alzheimer’s disease.
b. Reagan became an actor.
c. Reagan worked as a lifeguard.
d. Reagan graduated from college.
e. Reagan was elected the governor of California.
A. a, c, d, e ,b B. e, c, d, b, a
C. b, a, c, d, e D. c, d, b, e, a
4. When the author of Reagan’s biography says “The world was a vast opportunity for him,” he really means that _______.
A. Reagan achieved much in his whole life
B. Reagan could have done much better
C. Reagan did much for America and the world
D. Reagan was a very lucky man
B
His feet had touched the ground again, but South African Mike Melvill’s head was still high above the clouds.
Seeing the earth from the edge of space was “an amazing experience”, said the 63-year-old pilot It was more than a personal experience. Melvill and his rocket plane Space Ship One made history last Monday when it became the first private manned flight to reach space.
The spacecraft was carried by a jet until it reached a height of 14kilometers. Then it separated from the jet and continued its journey beyond the earth’s atmosphere. The craft reached space by traveling at three times the speed of sound.
On board, Mevill was able to see the earth. He also became weightless for about 3 minutes when the craft reached its highest altitude of 100 kilometers. He even opened a bag of colorful chocolate sweets to see if they would float around in the cockpit（驾驶员座舱） —— they did.
The successful flight brought the design team, led by famous American designer Burt Rutan, closer to winning the US10 million Ansari X Prize. The award will be given to the first privately funded（投资） spacecraft to send three people 100 kilometers above the earth. The spacecraft also has to land safely and repeat the achievement within two weeks.
This is to prove that the craft is reliable and has the ability to carry paying customers. “The flight opens a new chapter in history, putting space within the reach of ordinary citizens,” said Patti Smith, head of commercial space transportation at the US Federal Aviation Administration.
It’s hoped that this flight is the first step toward space tourism. Members of the public could pay US$20,000-100,000 for the chance to fly high above the earth’s atmosphere, float in zero gravity and take in the sights of space.